Question 1

What is one explanation that Craik and his colleagues propose for the reason why a deep level of processing leads to greater recall?

Accepted Answer

A)   At a deep level, you recognize the patterns more efficiently.
B)   Deep levels make the stimulus different from other memory traces in the system; it's more distinctive.
C)   Deep levels place more emphasis on vivid physical characteristics of the material.
D)   Encoding specificity is more likely to occur.E) A) and B)
F) C) and D)

Question 2

According to the research and discussion about source monitoring,

Accepted Answer

A)   government agencies, corporations, and the media sometimes make source-monitoring errors.
B)   source-monitoring errors are generally easy to correct.
C)   people are almost always accurate in recognizing which ideas from an earlier session were actually their own.
D)   source monitoring occurs fairly often for visual information, but only rarely for auditory information.E) A) and D)
F) None of the above

Question 3

Which of the following statements is an example of episodic memory?

Accepted Answer

A)   Trees often lose their leaves in the fall.
B)   I know how to record a program from PBS.
C)   The word semantic is related to the word meaning.
D)   I remember reading the book Sense and Sensibility in twelfth grade.E) A) and D)
F) B) and D)

Question 4

According to your textbook, which of the following is one likely explanation for the self-reference effect?

Accepted Answer

A)   Self-reference instructions increase the likelihood of the item being stored in procedural memory.
B)   Self-reference instructions increase the capacity of working memory.
C)   When people think about whether words apply to themselves, they consider how their personal characteristics are interrelated.
D)   In reality, most people emphasize the physical characteristics of the stimulus, rather than using self-reference.E) A) and C)
F) A) and B)

Question 5

According to the textbook's description of a schema,

Accepted Answer

A)   a schema for an event is usually much more positive than the event really was.
B)   our schema for an event tends to be highly accurate.
C)   a schema is like a flashbulb memory, because it contains so many details.
D)   our schemas tend to guide our recall.E) None of the above
F) C) and D)

Question 6

Suppose that you performed a classic levels-of-processing memory task. At the time of retrieval, you are asked, "Was there a word on the list that rhymed with log?" You will be most likely to remember the word "dog" if you originally processed it by answering the question,

Accepted Answer

A)   "Is it printed in capital letters?"
B)   "Does it rhyme with log?"
C)   "Is it a type of animal?"
D)   "Does it fit into the sentence: The ____ jumped up on the man."E) A) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 7

Which of the following statements about episodic memory is correct?

Accepted Answer

A)   Episodic memory stores information about events in our lives.
B)   Episodic memory refers to working memory, whereas semantic memory refers to long-term memory.
C)   Episodic memory includes knowledge about words and symbols.
D)   Episodic memory refers to our memory about how to perform tasks.E) B) and C)
F) None of the above

Question 8

According to the levels-of-processing approach, the most effective way to learn a passage in a textbook is usually in terms of

Accepted Answer

A)   its meaning.
B)   its physical characteristics.
C)   the sound of the words that you need to remember.
D)   the color of ink in which the passage is printedE) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 9

Suppose that you have just read an autobiography by a novelist. You read a critique of that autobiography, which argues that we must take a constructivist approach to the book. This critique is likely to emphasize that

Accepted Answer

A)   people's recall is generally highly accurate.
B)   people systemically describe themselves as smarter and better than they really are.
C)   the novelist may have written things about the past that were consistent with her current interpretation of her life-but may not have happened that way.
D)   existential moments shape our reality, and they are guided by our early childhood experiences.E) A) and C)
F) A) and B)

Question 10

Expertise is helpful in remembering material because experts

Accepted Answer

A)   tend to inhibit the development of mental images that can interfere with learning.
B)   are likely to reorganize the material that they must recall.
C)   use rote rehearsal more frequently than novices do.
D)   are less likely to "overlearn" material than novices do.E) A) and D)
F) A) and C)

Question 11

The chapter on long-term memory discussed the research by Talarico and Rubin, about students' memory for how they learned about the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. According to this research,

Accepted Answer

A)   the students were overconfident that their recall of the event was accurate.
B)   the number of inconsistent details, supplied by the students, stayed the same over time.
C)   the students' recall was much more accurate for the terrorist attack than for an ordinary event.
D)   the students' memory for the terrorist attack actually included more inconsistent details than consistent details.E) All of the above
F) C) and D)

Question 12

People are more likely to make errors in eyewitness testimony

Accepted Answer

A)   if the original event was actually very consistent with a schema.
B)   if there was believable post-event misinformation.
C)   if there is no social pressure.
D)   if these people provided eyewitness testimony immediately after the event.E) B) and D)
F) C) and D)

Question 13

Which of the following students provides the most accurate summary about the emotions associated with events that occurred in the past?

Accepted Answer

A)   Hongbo: "Neutral events usually become more negative."
B)   Josiah: "The emotional tone of pleasant events fades more than the emotional tone of negative events."
C)   Anna: "The emotional tone of unpleasant events fades more than the emotional tone of pleasant events."
D)   Sidney: "People who tend to be depressed show no fading in emotional tone for either pleasant or unpleasant events."E) A) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 14

The Pollyanna Principle is consistent with which theme of the textbook?

Accepted Answer

A)   The cognitive processes are interrelated.
B)   The cognitive processes are active, rather than passive.
C)   The cognitive processes are efficient and accurate.
D)   People process positive information more accurately than negative information.E) A) and B)
F) All of the above

Question 15

Imagine that a friend has just read a magazine article that discusses flashbulb memories, and your friend argues that people retain a very clear memory of certain emotional events. What would you respond?

Accepted Answer

A)   "Yes, the research strongly supports the concept of certain strong, almost permanent memories for highly important events."
B)   "Yes, the article is correct that some memories are very clear, but these fade after 2-3 years."
C)   "No, the article overstates the case; these memories can be inaccurate and can fade with time."
D)   "No, there is no evidence for flashbulb memories."E) B) and D)
F) A) and C)

Question 16

Suppose that when you hear a new acquaintance's name, Chris Money, you think about the meaning of the name Money, including both coins and dollar bills, and the importance of money in our culture. The kind of processing you would be using is called

Accepted Answer

A)   serial processing.
B)   automatic processing.
C)   sensory memory.
D)   elaboration.E) A) and C)
F) A) and B)

Question 17

Consider this sentence: "I know that winters in Wisconsin are colder than winters in South Carolina." The knowledge expressed in this sentence is probably coded

Accepted Answer

A)   acoustically, by the sound of the words.
B)   visually, by the appearance of the letters.
C)   semantically, by its meaning.
D)   in visual, acoustic, and semantic form.E) C) and D)
F) A) and C)

Question 18

Chapter 5 discussed a study by Waring and Kensinger (2011) , in which people looked at stimuli that were either very positive, very negative, or neutral; each stimulus was shown together with a neutral background, such as a river. The results of this study showed that people were least likely to recognize this neutral background

Accepted Answer

A)   when the stimulus was very positive.
B)   when the stimulus was very negative.
C)   when the stimulus was neutral.
D)   when they were tested immediately after the stimuli had been presented.E) A) and B)
F) C) and D)

Question 19

In general, self-reference instructions

Accepted Answer

A)   enhance memory in the laboratory, but not in real-life settings.
B)   enhance short-term memory, but not long-term memory.
C)   enhance memory in a wide variety of situations.
D)   are actually no more effective than instructions to use shallow processing.E) A) and B)
F) None of the above

Question 20

According to the discussion of schemas and memory,

Accepted Answer

A)   we form schemas based on our previous experiences with someone or something.
B)   once an event has occurred, we can no longer recall any specific information about the event.
C)   schemas only operate prior to the occurrence of an event.
D)   current researchers do not consider schemas to be a useful term in cognitive psychology.E) None of the above
F) B) and C)

Exam 5: Long-Term Memory

Suppose that when you hear a new acquaintance's name, Chris Money, you think about the meaning of the name Money, including both coins and dollar bills, and the importance of money in our culture. The kind of processing you would be using is called

Correct Answer
verified

Imagine that a friend has just read a magazine article that discusses flashbulb memories, and your friend argues that people retain a very clear memory of certain emotional events. What would you respond?

Correct Answer
verified

Consider this sentence: "I know that winters in Wisconsin are colder than winters in South Carolina." The knowledge expressed in this sentence is probably coded

Correct Answer
verified

According to the research and discussion about source monitoring,

Correct Answer
verified

According to the levels-of-processing approach, the most effective way to learn a passage in a textbook is usually in terms of

Correct Answer
verified

Which of the following statements is an example of episodic memory?

Correct Answer
verified

According to the textbook's description of a schema,

Correct Answer
verified

People are more likely to make errors in eyewitness testimony

Correct Answer
verified

According to your textbook, which of the following is one likely explanation for the self-reference effect?

Correct Answer
verified

Expertise is helpful in remembering material because experts

Correct Answer
verified

Suppose that you have just read an autobiography by a novelist. You read a critique of that autobiography, which argues that we must take a constructivist approach to the book. This critique is likely to emphasize that

Correct Answer
verified

Which of the following statements about episodic memory is correct?

Correct Answer
verified

Which of the following students provides the most accurate summary about the emotions associated with events that occurred in the past?

Correct Answer
verified

The Pollyanna Principle is consistent with which theme of the textbook?

Correct Answer
verified

What is one explanation that Craik and his colleagues propose for the reason why a deep level of processing leads to greater recall?

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

According to the discussion of schemas and memory,

Correct Answer
verified

Suppose that you performed a classic levels-of-processing memory task. At the time of retrieval, you are asked, "Was there a word on the list that rhymed with log?" You will be most likely to remember the word "dog" if you originally processed it by answering the question,

Correct Answer
verified

In general, self-reference instructions

Correct Answer
verified

The chapter on long-term memory discussed the research by Talarico and Rubin, about students' memory for how they learned about the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. According to this research,

Correct Answer
verified

Exam 5: Long-Term Memory

Suppose that when you hear a new acquaintance's name, Chris Money, you think about the meaning of the name Money, including both coins and dollar bills, and the importance of money in our culture. The kind of processing you would be using is called

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Imagine that a friend has just read a magazine article that discusses flashbulb memories, and your friend argues that people retain a very clear memory of certain emotional events. What would you respond?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Consider this sentence: "I know that winters in Wisconsin are colder than winters in South Carolina." The knowledge expressed in this sentence is probably coded

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to the research and discussion about source monitoring,

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to the levels-of-processing approach, the most effective way to learn a passage in a textbook is usually in terms of

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following statements is an example of episodic memory?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to the textbook's description of a schema,

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

People are more likely to make errors in eyewitness testimony

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to your textbook, which of the following is one likely explanation for the self-reference effect?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Expertise is helpful in remembering material because experts

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Suppose that you have just read an autobiography by a novelist. You read a critique of that autobiography, which argues that we must take a constructivist approach to the book. This critique is likely to emphasize that

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following statements about episodic memory is correct?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following students provides the most accurate summary about the emotions associated with events that occurred in the past?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The Pollyanna Principle is consistent with which theme of the textbook?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What is one explanation that Craik and his colleagues propose for the reason why a deep level of processing leads to greater recall?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to the discussion of schemas and memory,

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Suppose that you performed a classic levels-of-processing memory task. At the time of retrieval, you are asked, "Was there a word on the list that rhymed with log?" You will be most likely to remember the word "dog" if you originally processed it by answering the question,

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In general, self-reference instructions

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The chapter on long-term memory discussed the research by Talarico and Rubin, about students' memory for how they learned about the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. According to this research,

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Correct Answer
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