Question 1

Which of the following is an example of research began as the result of reflecting on a real news event?

Accepted Answer

A)  Festinger's cognitive dissonance research
B)  Darley and Latané's helping behavior research
C)  Broadbent's dichotic listening research
D)  Bushman and Anderson's violence and helping behavior researchE) None of the above
F) C) and D)

Question 2

The predictions from dissonance theory did not always come out as predicted. What happened to the theory?

Accepted Answer

A)  it was discarded
B)  it was concluded that it must be true; most of the research proved it
C)  it evolved to incorporate the idea that dissonance occurred most strongly when the self was threatened
D)  it was logically disproven but hung on over the years because nothing better came alongE) None of the above
F) C) and D) C

Question 3

Anxiety is not observed directly but is inferred from certain behaviors. That is, anxiety is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  a construct
B)  a law
C)  a theory
D)  an operational definitionE) All of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 4

Basic research is concerned with ______ while applied research tries to ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  experimental realism; accomplish mundane realism
B)  establishing essential principles; solve practical problems
C)  the laboratory only; use field studies only
D)  mundane realism; accomplish experimental realismE) None of the above
F) All of the above

Question 5

In the laboratory research study by Bushman and Anderson (2009) , participants played either violent or nonviolent video games, then filled out a questionnaire. Which of the following describes what they found?

Accepted Answer

A)  participants who played violent video games completed the questionnaires faster than participants who played non-violent video games
B)  participants who played violent video games reported less violence in the video games than participants who played non-violent video games
C)  participants who played violent video games
D)  participants who played violent video games were slower to help an individual in an adjacent room compared to participants who played non-violent video games
E)  participants who played violent video games did not help an individual in an adjacent room compared to participants who played non-violent video gamesF) All of the above
G) A) and B)

Question 6

Which of the following is the best example of converging operations?

Accepted Answer

A)  several studies use different operational definitions of aggression yet produce the same basic results
B)  several studies of anxiety, each with a different operational definition of anxiety, each yields different results
C)  researchers from different laboratories agree ahead of time to use the same operational definitions for intelligence
D)  researchers from different laboratories collaborate on the same research programE) B) and C)
F) None of the above

Question 7

Participants are asked to memorize three different lists of words. The lists are presented at three different presentation speeds. How would you classify this study?

Accepted Answer

A)  applied research
B)  field research
C)  basic research
D)  both a. and b.E) A) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 8

According to Pasteur, "chance favors the prepared mind." Thus, creative breakthroughs in physics are most likely to be made by

Accepted Answer

A)  random accident (thus they could be made by anyone) 
B)  physicists
C)  chemists
D)  any scientist other than a physicistE) B) and D)
F) C) and D)

Question 9

What is the advantage of using operational definitions?

Accepted Answer

A)  they force researchers in different laboratories to all use the exact same definition
B)  they facilitate replication
C)  it's easy to agree on a universal definition for a concept like aggression
D)  there are no advantages to using operational definitions; no two persons can ever agree on the best definitionE) B) and C)
F) A) and B) B

Question 10

Which of the following is true about cognitive dissonance theory?

Accepted Answer

A)  it failed the criterion of productivity
B)  it generated a lot of research, but it was discarded because better theories came along
C)  it was not stated precisely enough to be tested-thus, it failed the test of falsifiability
D)  through the work of Aronson, it evolved into a theory emphasizing threats to the selfE) All of the above
F) A) and C)

Question 11

Applied research

Accepted Answer

A)  always has mundane realism but seldom has experimental realism
B)  always has experimental realism but seldom has mundane realism
C)  can be either laboratory or field research
D)  is always field research, while basic research is laboratory researchE) All of the above
F) None of the above

Question 12

Which of the following is true of the studies done by Bushman and Anderson (2009) who evaluated exposure to violence and helping behavior?

Accepted Answer

A)  it combined both laboratory and field research in a series of experiments
B)  it was a series of experiments high in mundane realism but low in experimental realism
C)  it combined both basic and applied research in a single experiment
D)  it was a series of experiments high in experimental realism but low in mundane realismE) B) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 13

To reason inductively is to

Accepted Answer

A)  reason from the specific event to the general principle
B)  reason from the general principle to the specific event
C)  prove the hypothesis true
D)  to disprove the hypothesisE) B) and C)
F) A) and B)

Question 14

If a study is high on experimental realism, then

Accepted Answer

A)  participants will take the procedures seriously
B)  the participant's task will resemble a normal daily activity
C)  it is certain that deception has been used
D)  it is almost certainly a field study rather than a laboratory studyE) A) and D)
F) C) and D)

Question 15

Two researchers with two completely different operational definitions for aggression nonetheless produce the same result - frustration leads to aggression. This outcome is referred to as

Accepted Answer

A)  exact replication
B)  operationism
C)  converging operations
D)  serendipityE) C) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 16

In Bushman and Anderson's (2009) field experiment, who was the experimental confederate?

Accepted Answer

A)  a young man who was heard fighting with another person
B)  a young woman with and apparent ankle injury and crutches at a movie theater
C)  a young woman with and apparent ankle injury and crutches in the laboratory
D)  the experimenter who administered the questionnairesE) B) and C)
F) B) and D)

Question 17

According to the original cognitive dissonance theory, dissonance occurs when people

Accepted Answer

A)  experience electrical shock that is painful
B)  simultaneously experience contradictory thoughts
C)  are rewarded by others for feeling sad
D)  must learn difficult tasks and they sometimes failE) None of the above
F) B) and C)

Question 18

Qualitative research is to quantitative research as _______ is to _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  analytic narrative; inferential analysis
B)  applied research; basic research
C)  field research; laboratory research
D)  basic field research; applied field researchE) All of the above
F) A) and D)

Question 19

Study #1 compares 2- and 4-month old children on a perceptual task. Study #2 uses the same task and compares four groups of children, aged 2, 4, 6, and 8 months. Which of the following is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  study #2 is an direct replication
B)  study #2 should not have tested the 2- and 4-month olds (already been done) 
C)  study #2 is a conceptual replication
D)  study #1 should have tested 6- and 8-month oldsE) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 20

Hypotheses are

Accepted Answer

A)  reasonable predictions about what should occur under specific circumstances
B)  guesses about the causes of events
C)  generated from theory through the process of induction
D)  considered to be "proven true" when supported by more than one experimentE) None of the above
F) B) and C) A

Exam 3: Developing Ideas for Research in Psychology

Which of the following is an example of research began as the result of reflecting on a real news event?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The predictions from dissonance theory did not always come out as predicted. What happened to the theory?

Correct AnswerverifiedC

Anxiety is not observed directly but is inferred from certain behaviors. That is, anxiety is an example of

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Basic research is concerned with ______ while applied research tries to ________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In the laboratory research study by Bushman and Anderson (2009) , participants played either violent or nonviolent video games, then filled out a questionnaire. Which of the following describes what they found?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following is the best example of converging operations?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Participants are asked to memorize three different lists of words. The lists are presented at three different presentation speeds. How would you classify this study?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to Pasteur, "chance favors the prepared mind." Thus, creative breakthroughs in physics are most likely to be made by

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What is the advantage of using operational definitions?

Correct AnswerverifiedB

Which of the following is true about cognitive dissonance theory?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Applied research

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following is true of the studies done by Bushman and Anderson (2009) who evaluated exposure to violence and helping behavior?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

To reason inductively is to

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

If a study is high on experimental realism, then

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Two researchers with two completely different operational definitions for aggression nonetheless produce the same result - frustration leads to aggression. This outcome is referred to as

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In Bushman and Anderson's (2009) field experiment, who was the experimental confederate?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to the original cognitive dissonance theory, dissonance occurs when people

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Qualitative research is to quantitative research as _______ is to _______.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Study #1 compares 2- and 4-month old children on a perceptual task. Study #2 uses the same task and compares four groups of children, aged 2, 4, 6, and 8 months. Which of the following is true?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Hypotheses are

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C

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Basic research is concerned with while applied research tries to __.

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B

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Qualitative research is to quantitative research as _ is to _.

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A