Question 1

The fact that learning can occur without reinforcement is most clearly demonstrated by studies of

Accepted Answer

A)   shaping.
B)   latent learning.
C)   extrinsic motivation.
D)   online testing.E) All of the above
F) A) and D)

Question 2

A partial schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses is a ________ schedule.

Accepted Answer

A)   fixed-ratio
B)   variable-ratio
C)   fixed-interval
D)   variable-intervalE) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 3

We are most likely to imitate the behavior of models if we observe that their actions are

Accepted Answer

A)   conditioned responses.
B)   extrinsically motivated.
C)   followed by reinforcement.
D)   violent or antisocial.E) All of the above
F) C) and D)

Question 4

Receiving delicious food is to escaping electric shock as ________ is to ________.

Accepted Answer

A)   positive reinforcer; negative reinforcer
B)   primary reinforcer; secondary reinforce
C)   immediate reinforcer; delayed reinforce
D)   reinforcement; punishmentE) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 5

In classical conditioning, generalization refers to the tendency for the conditioned response to be evoked by stimuli that are similar to the

Accepted Answer

A)   unconditioned stimulus.
B)   primary reinforcer.
C)   conditioned stimulus.
D)   conditioned reinforcer.E) B) and C)
F) A) and B)

Question 6

The highest and most consistent rate of response is produced by a ________ schedule.

Accepted Answer

A)   fixed-ratio
B)   variable-ratio
C)   fixed-interval
D)   variable-intervalE) None of the above
F) A) and D)

Question 7

Correlational studies show that prolonged viewing of televised violence ________ increased rates of violent behavior.

Accepted Answer

A)   inhibits
B)   causes
C)   is unrelated to
D)   predictsE) None of the above
F) A) and D)

Question 8

Glancing at the television in the next room in hopes of seeing the beginning of the evening news is likely to be reinforced on a ________ schedule.

Accepted Answer

A)   fixed-interval
B)   fixed-ratio
C)   variable-interval
D)   variable-ratioE) B) and D)
F) None of the above

Question 9

Desensitization and imitation are two factors that contribute to

Accepted Answer

A)   the law of effect.
B)   spontaneous recovery.
C)   the violence-viewing effect.
D)   instinctive drift.E) None of the above
F) All of the above

Question 10

Which of the following is an unconditioned response?

Accepted Answer

A)   salivating at the sight of a lemon
B)   raising your hand to ask a question
C)   jerking your hand off a very hot stove
D)   walking into a restaurant to eatE) All of the above
F) None of the above

Question 11

After a week at college, Su-Chuan has formed a mental representation of the layout of the campus and no longer gets lost. Su-Chuan has developed a

Accepted Answer

A)   cognitive map.
B)   discriminative stimulus.
C)   law of effect.
D)   fixed-interval schedule.E) A) and D)
F) None of the above

Question 12

Without any explicit training from adults, many 8-year-old children know how to turn the ignition key to start their parents' cars. This best illustrates the importance of

Accepted Answer

A)   observational learning.
B)   classical conditioning.
C)   operant conditioning.
D)   spontaneous recovery.E) A) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 13

For professional baseball players, swinging at a pitched ball is reinforced with a home run on a ________ schedule.

Accepted Answer

A)   fixed-interval
B)   variable-interval
C)   fixed-ratio
D)   variable-ratioE) B) and C)
F) A) and C)

Question 14

When the Zantays eat dinner, the family dog begs for food. Sometimes, but not often, the children give in to the dog's begging and pass their pet a tasty morsel. You would be most justified in predicting that

Accepted Answer

A)   the dog is eventually going to stop begging for food.
B)   as soon as the children stop reinforcing the dog's begging, it will stop begging.
C)   the dog is going to be quite persistent in its begging in the future.
D)   the dog will always beg for food even if the Zantays never reinforce the begging.E) A) and D)
F) All of the above

Question 15

Some of Pavlov's dogs learned to salivate to the sound of one particular tone and not to other tones. This illustrates the process of

Accepted Answer

A)   shaping.
B)   latent learning.
C)   secondary reinforcement.
D)   discrimination.E) A) and C)
F) A) and B)

Question 16

If children get attention from their parents for doing cartwheels, they will repeat the trick in anticipation of more attention. This best illustrates

Accepted Answer

A)   spontaneous recovery.
B)   respondent behavior.
C)   operant conditioning.
D)   latent learning.E) C) and D)
F) All of the above

Question 17

A negative reinforcer ________ the behavior it follows.

Accepted Answer

A)   strengthens
B)   Eliminates
C)   suppresses but does not eliminate
D)   has an unpredictable effect onE) All of the above
F) C) and D)

Question 18

Rhesus macaque monkeys are more likely to reconcile after a fight if they grow up with forgiving older macaque monkeys. This best illustrates the impact of

Accepted Answer

A)   immediate reinforcement.
B)   spontaneous recovery.
C)   observational learning.
D)   shaping.E) A) and B)
F) All of the above

Question 19

In a well-known experiment, preschool children pounded and kicked a large inflated Bobo doll that an adult had just beaten on. This experiment served to illustrate the importance of

Accepted Answer

A)   operant conditioning.
B)   respondent behavior.
C)   observational learning.
D)   spontaneous recovery.E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 20

Little Albert developed a fear of rats after a white rat was paired with a loud noise. In this case, the loud noise was the

Accepted Answer

A)   unconditioned stimulus.
B)   conditioned stimulus.
C)   conditioned reinforcer.
D)   delayed reinforcer.E) B) and D)
F) B) and C)

Exam 7: States of Consciousness

A partial schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses is a ________ schedule.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Some of Pavlov's dogs learned to salivate to the sound of one particular tone and not to other tones. This illustrates the process of

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Without any explicit training from adults, many 8-year-old children know how to turn the ignition key to start their parents' cars. This best illustrates the importance of

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Glancing at the television in the next room in hopes of seeing the beginning of the evening news is likely to be reinforced on a ________ schedule.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Receiving delicious food is to escaping electric shock as ________ is to ________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The highest and most consistent rate of response is produced by a ________ schedule.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Rhesus macaque monkeys are more likely to reconcile after a fight if they grow up with forgiving older macaque monkeys. This best illustrates the impact of

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Correlational studies show that prolonged viewing of televised violence ________ increased rates of violent behavior.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

If children get attention from their parents for doing cartwheels, they will repeat the trick in anticipation of more attention. This best illustrates

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Desensitization and imitation are two factors that contribute to

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The fact that learning can occur without reinforcement is most clearly demonstrated by studies of

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

For professional baseball players, swinging at a pitched ball is reinforced with a home run on a ________ schedule.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

When the Zantays eat dinner, the family dog begs for food. Sometimes, but not often, the children give in to the dog's begging and pass their pet a tasty morsel. You would be most justified in predicting that

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In classical conditioning, generalization refers to the tendency for the conditioned response to be evoked by stimuli that are similar to the

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In a well-known experiment, preschool children pounded and kicked a large inflated Bobo doll that an adult had just beaten on. This experiment served to illustrate the importance of

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

After a week at college, Su-Chuan has formed a mental representation of the layout of the campus and no longer gets lost. Su-Chuan has developed a

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

We are most likely to imitate the behavior of models if we observe that their actions are

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Little Albert developed a fear of rats after a white rat was paired with a loud noise. In this case, the loud noise was the

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following is an unconditioned response?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A negative reinforcer ________ the behavior it follows.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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Receiving delicious food is to escaping electric shock as is to .

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