Question 1

Natural selection involves ______.

Accepted Answer

A)   Reproductive diversity
B)   Differential reproduction
C)   Ontogenetic adaptation
D)   Genetic variationE) All of the above
F) None of the above

Question 2

In terms of selection, operants are selected by ______ and cultural practices are selected by ______.

Accepted Answer

A)   Metacontingencies; natural selection
B)   Natural selection; metacontingencies
C)   Natural selection; contingencies of reinforcement
D)   Contingencies of reinforcement; metacontingenciesE) B) and C)
F) B) and D)

Question 3

Respondent and operant conditioning are learning processes that:

Accepted Answer

A)   Are products of the organisms individual learning history
B)   Are genetically determined
C)   Are most evolutionary beneficial in stable environments
D)   All of the aboveE) B) and C)
F) All of the above

Question 4

A male stickleback fish becomes aggressively territorial when exposed to a stimulus such as ____________

Accepted Answer

A)   A male stickleback with a red underbelly swims by
B)   A cigar-shaped object with a red dot on the underside moves by
C)   A male stickleback with its underbelly covered swims by
D)   Both a and aE) A) and C)
F) A) and B)

Question 5

Which of the following is least likely to be a reason that a cultural practice remains stable even after the environmental demands that produced it are no longer present?

Accepted Answer

A)   The cultural practice interferes with contacting new contingencies of reinforcement
B)   Conforming to the cultural practice is reinforced by metacontingencies
C)   The behavior has come under genetic control
D)   There are no natural punishers for engaging in the cultural practiceE) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 6

Osgood (1953)  observed infant babbling and found that:

Accepted Answer

A)   Babbling included all of the speech sounds used in languages across the globe
B)   Babbling is generally limited to a small range of sounds
C)   Babbling occurs more in hearing infants than those with hearing loss
D)   Babbling is not sensitive to feedback from parentsE) A) and B)
F) B) and D)

Question 7

What are the two major sources of heritable genetic variation?

Accepted Answer

A)   Evolution of phenotypic genes and mutations
B)   Phenotypic and genotypic traits
C)   An improvement in phenotype and mutations
D)   Sexual recombination of genes and mutationsE) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 8

Two major sources of genetic variation are mutations and _______.

Accepted Answer

A)   Social pressure
B)   Sexual recombination
C)   Random novelty
D)   Phenotypic genesE) All of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 9

An organism's ____ refers to their genetic make-up.

Accepted Answer

A)   Genotype
B)   Phylogeny
C)   Phenotype
D)   Behavioral historyE) A) and B)
F) B) and D)

Question 10

A scientific challenge in providing a full evolutionary explanation for the complex dance that worker bees perform is:

Accepted Answer

A)   Accounting for the occurrence of the behavior before other bees responded to it
B)   Explaining why experienced foragers leave even before the dance is finished
C)   How bees adjust for changes in the position of the sun as they dance
D)   Variations in the dance based on the bees habitatE) All of the above
F) C) and D)

Question 11

If a population is subjected to extreme temperatures and as a consequence the next generation is more weather resistant, _____ has occurred.

Accepted Answer

A)   Phylogeny
B)   Environmental determinism
C)   Evolution
D)   Genetic determinismE) A) and C)
F) B) and C)

Question 12

An organism's _____ refers to all the characteristics observed during the lifetime of an individual.

Accepted Answer

A)   Genotype
B)   Phylogeny
C)   Phenotype
D)   GeneticsE) A) and B)
F) All of the above

Question 13

Thomas Edison's "trial and success" approach to inventing can be described as a product of:

Accepted Answer

A)   Punishment
B)   Reinforcement
C)   Extinction
D)   Stimulus controlE) A) and C)
F) All of the above

Question 14

Sigrid Glenn (1991)  argues that a major evolutionary advantage of operant learning is that:

Accepted Answer

A)   Operant learning is more malleable than respondent conditioning
B)   Genes for operant learning are less cumbersome than having genes for many complex behavior patterns
C)   Genes for operant learning allow the organism to rapidly change behaviors as the environment changes
D)   Operant learning allows access to epigenetic changes that enhance complex behavior patternsE) A) and C)
F) A) and B)

Question 15

Egg laying in Aplysia is an example of ______.

Accepted Answer

A)   Genetic control of behavior
B)   Basic instincts
C)   Released action patterns
D)   Environmental control of behaviorE) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

Question 16

Social signaling is:

Accepted Answer

A)   Mostly genetically regulated in bees
B)   Sometimes due to reinforcement
C)   May involve stimulus equivalence in humans
D)   All of theseE) All of the above
F) None of the above

Question 17

Scheller and Axel (1984)  found biological evidence that:

Accepted Answer

A)   The egg-laying sequence in marine snails can be changed through operant conditioning
B)   The egg-laying sequence in marine snails is caused by the prefrontal cortex and conscious choice
C)   The brain stem causes neurons to fire making the egg-laying sequence in marine snails possible
D)   Gene sites release peptides that cause the egg-laying sequence in marine snailsE) A) and C)
F) None of the above

Question 18

The single common principle operating at the level of biology, behavior, and culture is:

Accepted Answer

A)   Selection by design
B)   Survival of the fittest
C)   Phylogenetic contingencies
D)   Selection by consequencesE) A) and B)
F) All of the above

Question 19

On most occasions mutations produce features that _____.

Accepted Answer

A)   Work for an organism's survival and reproductive success
B)   Neither harm nor improve the chances for an organism
C)   Work against and organism's survival and reproductive success
D)   Are correctable through phenotypic compensationE) None of the above
F) A) and C)

Question 20

Hirsch and McCauley's selection in flies for the ability to be conditioned to extend their proboscis when water is applied to their feet demonstrated that:

Accepted Answer

A)   A reflex cannot be conditioned but can be mated out of the population
B)   Operant and respondent processes are separate and cannot be conditioned simultaneously
C)   Conditioning of a reflex has a range of variability
D)   An operant behavior can only be successfully conditioned in conjunction with a respondent behaviorE) A) and C)
F) B) and C)

Exam 14: Three Levels of Selection: Biology, Behavior, and Culture

A scientific challenge in providing a full evolutionary explanation for the complex dance that worker bees perform is:

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A male stickleback fish becomes aggressively territorial when exposed to a stimulus such as ____________

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Social signaling is:

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Egg laying in Aplysia is an example of ______.

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Respondent and operant conditioning are learning processes that:

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Which of the following is least likely to be a reason that a cultural practice remains stable even after the environmental demands that produced it are no longer present?

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Two major sources of genetic variation are mutations and _______.

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Thomas Edison's "trial and success" approach to inventing can be described as a product of:

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An organism's ____ refers to their genetic make-up.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

An organism's _____ refers to all the characteristics observed during the lifetime of an individual.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

On most occasions mutations produce features that _____.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Scheller and Axel (1984) found biological evidence that:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The single common principle operating at the level of biology, behavior, and culture is:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Natural selection involves ______.

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Sigrid Glenn (1991) argues that a major evolutionary advantage of operant learning is that:

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What are the two major sources of heritable genetic variation?

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Osgood (1953) observed infant babbling and found that:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Hirsch and McCauley's selection in flies for the ability to be conditioned to extend their proboscis when water is applied to their feet demonstrated that:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In terms of selection, operants are selected by ______ and cultural practices are selected by ______.

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If a population is subjected to extreme temperatures and as a consequence the next generation is more weather resistant, _____ has occurred.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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In terms of selection, operants are selected by and cultural practices are selected by .

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