Question 1

Explain the distinguishing characteristics of innate and adaptive immunity.

Accepted Answer

Innate immunity is also known as nonadaptive immunity. Innate immunity is hardwired into us and exists prior to any microbial exposure. It involves physical barriers, chemical barriers, and relatively nonspecific cellular responses to infection. Adaptive immunity is the body's reaction to specific antigens. Once the body has been activated by an antigen, it creates a memory of it such that when it encounters the same antigen again, the specific memory cells are quickly reactivated.

Question 2

What factors might explain the prevalence of Gram-positive bacteria on human skin's epidermal layer?

Accepted Answer

This layer of skin has high salt secreti...

Question 3

Which of the following organisms is NOT a cause of chronic inflammation?

Accepted Answer

A)   a splinter
B)   Mycobacterium tuberculosis
C)   Mycobacterium marinum
D)   Actinomyces bovis
E)   biofilms on surgical implantsF) C) and D)
G) B) and C)

Question 4

Which of the following factors contribute to dysbiosis?

Accepted Answer

A)   emotional stress
B)   carbohydrate catabolism
C)   probiotics
D)   bacteriocin
E)   anti-inflammatory cytokinesF) C) and D)
G) A) and B)

Question 5

Which structure engulfs microbes by phagocytosis?

Accepted Answer

A)   hair follicle
B)   sebaceous gland
C)   blood vessels
D)   sweat glands
E)   subcutaneous tissueF) D) and E)
G) A) and B)

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT a benefit provided by gut microbiota?

Accepted Answer

A)   inhibits inflammation
B)   synthesis of vitamins
C)   host tissue development
D)   enzymes catalyze food
E)   contributes to thin intestinal wallsF) A) and D)
G) D) and E)

Question 7

Describe what is happening in the figure below.

Accepted Answer

This is a picture of periodont...

Question 8

Which part of the body does NOT meet the external environment?

Accepted Answer

A)   skin
B)   mouth
C)   gastrointestinal tract
D)   blood
E)   genitourinary tractF) B) and D)
G) C) and D)

Question 9

The hypothalamus is important because it regulates

Accepted Answer

A)   body temperature.
B)   release of complement proteins from the liver.
C)   neutrophil phagocytosis.
D)   white blood cell differentiation.
E)   pain perception.F) All of the above
G) A) and B)

Question 10

An organism responsible for tooth decay is

Accepted Answer

A)   Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
B)   Streptococcus mutans.
C)   Neisseria meningitides.
D)   Streptococcus pneumoniae.
E)   Haemophilus influenzae.F) B) and D)
G) B) and E)

Question 11

Interventions that reduce a moderate fever due to infection may be counterproductive because they may

Accepted Answer

A)   produce more pyrogens.
B)   produce prostaglandins.
C)   induce phagocytosis.
D)   slow recovery.
E)   dull pain perception.F) B) and C)
G) A) and D)

Question 12

Detection of high levels of mannose-binding lectin in the blood could signify

Accepted Answer

A)   the presence of an invading pathogen.
B)   ongoing virus replication.
C)   the activation of natural killer cells.
D)   high levels of interferons.
E)   in-progress differentiation of leukocytes.F) A) and B)
G) None of the above

Question 13

Are the Langerhans cells of skin-associated lymphoid tissue (SALT) related to the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas that secrete insulin? What is the function of Langerhans cells?

Accepted Answer

No, the Langerhans cells are specialized...

Question 14

All of the following statements are correct regarding defensins EXCEPT that

Accepted Answer

A)   they are produced by skin, GI-tract, and lung cells for defense when stimulated.
B)   they form channels that destroy bacterial cytoplasmic membranes, ultimately killing the cell.
C)   peptides must bind the negatively charged outer membrane lipopolysacccharides.
D)   like antibodies, they are highly specific in pathogen neutralization.
E)   variation in defensins produced by different animals partially explains the varying susceptibility of hosts to pathogens.F) B) and E)
G) A) and D)

Question 15

The figure below shows the ________ pathway.

Accepted Answer

A)   oxidative burst
B)   interferon
C)   defensins
D)   alternative complement
E)   complement inflammationF) All of the above
G) B) and C)

Question 16

Interferons are

Accepted Answer

A)   high molecular weight cytokines.
B)   not species specific.
C)   low molecular weight cytokines.
D)   not effective against polio virus.
E)   not effective against influenza virus.F) B) and C)
G) A) and D)

Question 17

How does Propionibacterium acnes-an anaerobic Gram-positive normal flora of the skin-cause acne, especially in teenagers?

Accepted Answer

It is a normal microbial resident of the...

Question 18

Much of the ________ is normally free from microbes in a healthy individual.

Accepted Answer

A)   nose
B)   mouth
C)   skin
D)   respiratory tract
E)   genitourinary tractF) A) and B)
G) A) and C) E

Question 19

Describe how natural killer cells work in response to a bacterial infection.

Accepted Answer

The mission of NK cells is to kill host ...

Question 20

Why is the alternative complement cascade not considered a part of adaptive immunity?

Accepted Answer

The serum proteins referred to as complement are not induced during infection; rather, they are present in the blood innately. Their activation, however, is enhanced by the presence of invaders. Moreover, the same complement proteins are used to target many different organisms. In contrast, adaptive immunity is highly specific, involving antibodies secreted to neutralize a given pathogen. Antibodies are only needed in inducing the classical complement cascade.

Exam 23: Human Microbiota and Innate Immunity

Explain the distinguishing characteristics of innate and adaptive immunity.

What factors might explain the prevalence of Gram-positive bacteria on human skin's epidermal layer?

Correct Answer
verified
This layer of skin has high salt secreti...
View Answer

Which of the following organisms is NOT a cause of chronic inflammation?

Correct Answer
verified

Which of the following factors contribute to dysbiosis?

Correct Answer
verified

Which structure engulfs microbes by phagocytosis?

Correct Answer
verified

Which of the following is NOT a benefit provided by gut microbiota?

Correct Answer
verified

Describe what is happening in the figure below.

Correct Answer
verified
This is a picture of periodont...
View Answer

Which part of the body does NOT meet the external environment?

Correct Answer
verified

The hypothalamus is important because it regulates

Correct Answer
verified

An organism responsible for tooth decay is

Correct Answer
verified

Interventions that reduce a moderate fever due to infection may be counterproductive because they may

Correct Answer
verified

Detection of high levels of mannose-binding lectin in the blood could signify

Correct Answer
verified

Are the Langerhans cells of skin-associated lymphoid tissue (SALT) related to the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas that secrete insulin? What is the function of Langerhans cells?

Correct Answer
verified
No, the Langerhans cells are specialized...
View Answer

All of the following statements are correct regarding defensins EXCEPT that

Correct Answer
verified

The figure below shows the ________ pathway.

Correct Answer
verified

Interferons are

Correct Answer
verified

How does Propionibacterium acnes-an anaerobic Gram-positive normal flora of the skin-cause acne, especially in teenagers?

Correct Answer
verified
It is a normal microbial resident of the...
View Answer

Much of the ________ is normally free from microbes in a healthy individual.

Correct Answer
verified
E

Describe how natural killer cells work in response to a bacterial infection.

Correct Answer
verified
The mission of NK cells is to kill host ...
View Answer

Why is the alternative complement cascade not considered a part of adaptive immunity?

Exam 23: Human Microbiota and Innate Immunity

Explain the distinguishing characteristics of innate and adaptive immunity.

What factors might explain the prevalence of Gram-positive bacteria on human skin's epidermal layer?

Correct AnswerverifiedThis layer of skin has high salt secreti...View AnswerShow Answer

Which of the following organisms is NOT a cause of chronic inflammation?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following factors contribute to dysbiosis?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which structure engulfs microbes by phagocytosis?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following is NOT a benefit provided by gut microbiota?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Describe what is happening in the figure below.

Correct AnswerverifiedThis is a picture of periodont...View AnswerShow Answer

Which part of the body does NOT meet the external environment?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The hypothalamus is important because it regulates

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

An organism responsible for tooth decay is

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Interventions that reduce a moderate fever due to infection may be counterproductive because they may

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Detection of high levels of mannose-binding lectin in the blood could signify

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Are the Langerhans cells of skin-associated lymphoid tissue (SALT) related to the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas that secrete insulin? What is the function of Langerhans cells?

Correct AnswerverifiedNo, the Langerhans cells are specialized...View AnswerShow Answer

All of the following statements are correct regarding defensins EXCEPT that

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The figure below shows the ________ pathway.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Interferons are

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

How does Propionibacterium acnes-an anaerobic Gram-positive normal flora of the skin-cause acne, especially in teenagers?

Correct AnswerverifiedIt is a normal microbial resident of the...View AnswerShow Answer

Much of the ________ is normally free from microbes in a healthy individual.

Correct AnswerverifiedE

Describe how natural killer cells work in response to a bacterial infection.

Correct AnswerverifiedThe mission of NK cells is to kill host ...View AnswerShow Answer

Why is the alternative complement cascade not considered a part of adaptive immunity?

Correct Answer
verified
This layer of skin has high salt secreti...
View Answer

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified
This is a picture of periodont...
View Answer

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified
No, the Langerhans cells are specialized...
View Answer

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified
It is a normal microbial resident of the...
View Answer

Correct Answer
verified
E

Correct Answer
verified
The mission of NK cells is to kill host ...
View Answer