A) An effective vaccine is available for prevention in endemic areas.
B) It is transmitted by respiratory droplets.
C) It is caused by a fungal pathogen.
D) Late-stage disease is characterized by autoimmune reactions in the host.
F) A) and D)
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A) HIV infection can be latent and asymptomatic for years,so testing should be postponed until you exhibit symptoms of AIDS.
B) The antibiotic that you have been taking for a urinary tract infection will also destroy HIV,so you don't have to worry about an infection.
C) It's too soon to detect the antibody produced by your immune system in response to HIV exposure,so a test will come back negative.Wait a few more weeks to be tested.
D) The incidence of HIV infection in the United States is at an all-time low level,so transmission was not at all likely,especially after only a single possible exposure.
F) B) and C)
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A) It produces an enterotoxin.
B) It exhibits bipolar staining and appears to resemble a safety pin.
C) It is a gram-negative rod.
D) It has a capsule as a virulence factor.
E) It produces coagulase as a virulence factor.
G) C) and E)
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A) tularemia
B) plague
C) Lyme disease
D) brucellosis
E) mononucleosis
G) A) and D)
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A) sore throat, low grade fever, and swollen lymph nodes.
B) urinary frequency and pain, and vaginal discharge.
C) chills, fever, and sweating.
D) bloody, mucus-filled stools, fever, diarrhea, and weight loss.
E) fever, swollen lymph nodes, and joint pain.
G) A) and B)
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A) Chagas disease; protozoan visible among blood cells
B) Malaria; ring trophozoites visible inside red blood cells
C) Epstein-Barr virus; virus visible inside red blood cells
D) Babesiosis; protozoan visible inside red blood cells
F) A) and B)
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A) Stained blood smears should be performed promptly to look for abnormalities in the blood cells.
B) A broad-spectrum antibiotic is needed promptly, as they are likely to be in septic shock from intravenous introduction of microbes into the blood.
C) Unsanitary conditions in the house probably resulted in infestations with insects, so it's prudent to examine them for insect bites that may provide a clue.
D) Many drug users are HIV-positive, so the patients should all be monitored for levels of CD4 T-cells before any other action is taken.
F) A) and C)
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A) Bartonella henselae - cat-scratch disease
B) Rickettsia typhi - Rocky Mountain spotted fever
C) Bartonella quintana - trench fever
D) Coxiella burnetii - Q fever
E) Yersinia pestis - plague
G) A) and C)
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A) fever, severe diarrhea, pneumonitis, hepatitis, and retinitis.
B) sore throat, fever, cervical lymphadenopathy, and splenomegaly.
C) fever and pocks on skin.
D) vesicular lesions in oral mucosa.
F) All of the above
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A) epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium
B) endocardium, epicardium, and myocardium
C) endocardium, myocardium, and epicardium
D) myocardium, endocardium, and epicardium
F) A) and B)
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A) Drop in blood pressure
B) Respiratory acidosis
C) Endotoxic shock
D) Parenteral or endogenous transfer
E) Fever and shaking chills
G) B) and D)
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A) septicemia
B) fungemia
C) viremia
D) hemovirus
F) None of the above
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A) Chikungunya
B) Marburg
C) Lassa fever
D) Ebola
E) Dengue fever
G) All of the above
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B) False
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A) The presence of microbes in the blood results in increased viscosity, and a rise in blood pressure is a hallmark of sepsis.
B) Both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria in the blood can induce sepsis.
C) The Gram-negative cell envelope stimulates an inflammatory response that leads to endotoxic shock.
D) A sample of blood plated on a variety of bacterial media is a good method to identify the causative organism in sepsis.
F) C) and D)
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A) Ebola; high mortality rate and high communicability
B) Malaria; low mortality rate and high communicability
C) Plague; somewhat high mortality rate and low communicability
D) AIDS; high mortality rate and low communicability
F) C) and D)
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A) respiratory droplets
B) unprotected sexual intercourse or contact with blood/blood products
C) mosquitoes
D) contaminated food
F) C) and D)
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A) does not respond to antimicrobial drugs.
B) was virulent historically but currently circulating strains are not virulent.
C) is usually transmitted by a flea vector.
D) has deer as an endemic reservoir.
F) A) and B)
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A) it is the only body system that is liquid-based, i.e., with blood.
B) it is the only body system that has no normal microbiota.
C) it is so close to the skin that even minor injuries could lead to major infection.
D) failure to do so will result in a systemic infection.
F) A) and D)
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A) Leptospira interrogans
B) Ixodes pacificus
C) Borrelia burgdorferi
D) Borrelia hermsii
E) Ixodes scapularis
G) All of the above
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