A) against predation.
B) to insure survival in the uterus.
C) to prevent desiccation.
D) to permit the embryo to develop undisturbed up to the time of hatching.
F) All of the above
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A) aerobic,photosynthetic,eukaryotic.
B) aerobic,photosynthetic,prokaryotic.
C) anaerobic,heterotrophic,prokaryotiC.
D) anaerobic,heterotrophic,eukaryotic.
E) anaerobic,chemotrophic,eukaryotic.
G) A) and B)
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A) No,because it needed to be fully intact when buried to form a fossil.
B) Yes,because its skeleton could have been replaced by minerals to form a fossil.
C) No,because bacteria continued to decompose its skeleton after its was buried.
D) Yes,because it would have fossilized before it was burieD.
E) No,because deer are generally too large to be fossilized.
G) None of the above
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A) Clay acts as a catalyst for the formation of a liposome that can grow and divide.The RNA molecules are enclosed inside the lipid bilayer.
B) Clay causes anions to stick together,while the cations are pulled from the carbohydrates.This chemical reaction causes the formation of a carbohydrate- and RNA-based membrane.
C) The clay surface provides a nutritional media for the growing and dividing liposome.RNA is incorporated into the liposome as a transmembrane catalyst.
D) The positively charged clay surface reacts with the negatively charged phospholipids to create a clay ball.RNA molecules
Adhere to the outside surface of the clay ball.
E) Phospholipds react chemically with the negatively charged clay surface,creating an impermeable membranE.The RNA molecules be incorporated as part of this membranE.
G) B) and E)
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A) layered rocklike structures formed by cyanobacteriA.
B) the earliest known arthropods.
C) autotrophs living around deep sea vents.
D) heterotrophs found in marine environments.
E) fossilized coral reefs.
G) B) and C)
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A) it was the first example of an experiment that inserted oxygen into the prebiotic soup.
B) it was the first attempt to apply scientific experimentation to the quest of understanding the origin of life.
C) they hypothesized about the first molecules formed on Earth,but they could not demonstrate this in a scientific experiment.
D) it was the first experiment that used boiling water as a trigger mechanism for the production of macromolecules.
E) it was the first experiment based on the theory that organic carbon actually arrived from outer spacE.
G) A) and B)
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A) Cambrian Period
B) Early Archaean Era
C) Late Mesozoic Era
D) Quaternary Period
E) Devonian Period
G) A) and C)
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A) They knew these reactants were available in their lab and in today's atmosphere.
B) These reactants were found in today's atmosphere therefore they should be used to try to replicate the early Earth atmosphere.
C) Each of the reactants were readily changed into proteins and DNA.
D) These reactants were useful because their products were able to be predicted before the experiment began,it is always good to know the outcome of an experiment to achieve success with the experiment.
E) These reactants were hypothesized to have made up the early Earth atmosphere,the electricity was used to emulate lightening strikes.
G) All of the above
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A) Cambrian Period.
B) Proterozoic Era.
C) Carboniferous Period.
D) Triassic PerioD.
E) Devonian Period.
G) None of the above
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A) when a catalyst speeds up a process that would normally occur at a slower rate.
B) when covalent bonds are formed between two previously unlinked molecules,increasing their stability.
C) when a chemical within a mixture increases in number compared to other chemicals in the mixture due to a unique property.
D) during the ribozymic phase of coacervate formation.
E) after the formation of a membrane and when the DNA is replicated and transcribed.
G) None of the above
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A) It was one of the earliest fossils of a single-celled organism.
B) It helped provide a date for the emergence of vertebrates.
C) It provided evidence that the earliest life forms were autotrophiC.
D) It provided evidence that the earliest life forms were heterotrophic.
E) It helped provide a date for the emergence of bilateral symmetry in animals.
G) None of the above
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A) Reducing Atmosphere Hypothesis.
B) Extraterrestrial Hypothesis.
C) Deep-Sea Vent Hypothesis.
D) Both Reducing Atmosphere and Extraterrestrial Hypotheses.
E) All three hypotheses use this exact reaction to create a chemical gradient to form amino acids.
G) A) and C)
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A) Chloroplast,mitochondria,nucleus,endosymbiotic.
B) Chloroplast,lysosomes,nucleus,endosymbiotic.
C) Nucleus,Golgi body,endoplasmic reticulum,symbiotiC.
D) Mitochondria,chloroplast,nucleus,parasitic.
E) Lysosomes,mitochondria,chloroplast,parasitic.
G) A) and D)
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A) decay time
B) decay product
C) half-life
D) half-decay
E) useful dating range
G) B) and D)
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A) an endosymbiotic relationship between an archaeon and a bacterium
B) an endosymbiotic relationship between two archaeons
C) an endosymbiotic relationship between two bacterium
D) a symbiotic relationship between an archaeon and a bacterium
E) a symbiotic relationship between two archaeons
G) A) and C)
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A) the fusion of two archean cells to form an early eukaryote.
B) the absorption of RNA from prokaryotic cells.
C) prokaryotic cells that became internal symbionts within an early eukaryotic cell.
D) the uptake of free DNA from the environment.
E) prokaryotic cells being engulfed and becoming external symbionts within an early bacteria cell.
G) D) and E)
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A) N2
B) O2
C) CO2
D) H2O
E) SO4
G) B) and E)
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A) Oparin's coacervates had a phospholipd bilayer,which is also found in most living cells.
B) Oparin's coacervates were surrounded by a tight skin of water molecules,which is also found in most living cells.
C) Oparin's coacervates were surrounded by carbohydrates and lipids,while most living cells are surrounded only by carbohydrates.
D) Oparin's coacervates were surrounded by a tight skin of water molecules,while most living cells have a phospholipid bilayer.
E) Starch was the main component in Oparin's coacervate boundry,while most living cells have boundaries composed only of lipids.
G) A) and C)
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A) dehydration is necessary for the formation of large organic polymers,too much water competes with dehydration.
B) hydrolysis is necessary for the formation of large organic polymers,dehydration competes with polymerization.
C) tidal pools would provide a concentrated area where more small organic molecules could aggregate.
D) Kusky discovered 1.43 billion year old fossils in shallow water and tidal pools.
E) sugars dissolve in water,ribose is a sugar and is necessary for the polymerization of DNA and RNA therefore being out of the water would speed up the polymerization reactions.
G) B) and D)
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A) The formation of rich coal deposits.
B) The first examples of terrestrial gymnosperms.
C) The appearance of the first angiosperms.
D) A rapid increase in the diversity of marine invertebrates.
E) The appearance of the first true mammals.
G) B) and E)
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