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Which represents the correct relationship between the Gibbs free energy and the equilibrium constant?


A) ΔG = -RT lnK
B) ΔG = RT lnK
C) ΔGo = -RT lnK
D) ΔGo = -RT lnQ
E) ΔGo = RT lnQ

F) All of the above
G) A) and E)

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Stearic acid,nature's most common fatty acid,dimerizes when dissolved in hexane: 2C17H35COOH Stearic acid,nature's most common fatty acid,dimerizes when dissolved in hexane: 2C<sub>17</sub>H<sub>35</sub>COOH   (C<sub>17</sub>H<sub>35</sub>COOH) <sub>2</sub>; ΔH°<sub>rxn</sub> = -172 kJ/mol The equilibrium constant for this reaction at 28°C is 2.9 × 10<sup>3</sup>.Estimate the equilibrium constant at 38°C.(R = 8.314 J/K• mol)  A) 4.7 × 10<sup>5</sup> B) 2.6 × 10<sup>4</sup> C) 1.9 × 10<sup>3</sup> D) 3.2 × 10<sup>2</sup> E) 18 (C17H35COOH) 2; ΔH°rxn = -172 kJ/mol The equilibrium constant for this reaction at 28°C is 2.9 × 103.Estimate the equilibrium constant at 38°C.(R = 8.314 J/K• mol)


A) 4.7 × 105
B) 2.6 × 104
C) 1.9 × 103
D) 3.2 × 102
E) 18

F) A) and B)
G) A) and C)

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Consider this reaction at equilibrium at a total pressure: 2H2O(g) + O2(g) Consider this reaction at equilibrium at a total pressure: 2H<sub>2</sub>O(g) + O<sub>2</sub>(g)    2H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>(g)  Suppose the volume of this system is twice its initial volume and then equilibrium is reestablished.The new equilibrium total pressure will be A) more than half the total initial pressure. B) twice the total pressure. C) less than half the total initial pressure. D) unchanged. E) exactly one half of the initial total pressure. 2H2O2(g) Suppose the volume of this system is twice its initial volume and then equilibrium is reestablished.The new equilibrium total pressure will be


A) more than half the total initial pressure.
B) twice the total pressure.
C) less than half the total initial pressure.
D) unchanged.
E) exactly one half of the initial total pressure.

F) A) and D)
G) D) and E)

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Which statement is correct?


A) If Q < K,then products must be converted to reactants.
B) If Q > K,then reactants must be converted to products.
C) If Q = K,then the system is at equilibrium.
D) If Q < K,then more reactants are produced.
E) None of the answers is correct.

F) A) and B)
G) C) and D)

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What is the free energy change,ΔG°,for the equilibrium between hydrogen iodide,hydrogen, and iodine at 453°C? (R = 8.314 J/K• mol) 2HI(g) What is the free energy change,ΔG°,for the equilibrium between hydrogen iodide,hydrogen, and iodine at 453°C? (R = 8.314 J/K• mol)  2HI(g)    H<sub>2</sub>(g) + I<sub>2</sub>(g) K<sub>c</sub> = 0.020 at T = 453°C A) 6.4 kJ/mol B) 8.8 kJ/mol C) 15 kJ/mol D) 19 kJ/mol E) 24 kJ/mol H2(g) + I2(g) Kc = 0.020 at T = 453°C


A) 6.4 kJ/mol
B) 8.8 kJ/mol
C) 15 kJ/mol
D) 19 kJ/mol
E) 24 kJ/mol

F) B) and D)
G) C) and E)

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Which of the following is the expression that relates Kc to KP?


A) Kc = KP R/T
B) KP = Kc(RT) Δn
C) KP = Kc/(RT) Δn
D) Kc KP = RT/V
E) KP = KcP/RT

F) A) and D)
G) B) and E)

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For the equilibrium A2(g) For the equilibrium A<sub>2</sub>(g)    2A(g) ,if a sample of A<sub>2</sub>(g) is placed in a sealed container and allowed to come to equilibrium,which graph best represents the relationship between K<sub>c</sub> and time as equilibrium is established? A)    B)    C)    D)    E)   2A(g) ,if a sample of A2(g) is placed in a sealed container and allowed to come to equilibrium,which graph best represents the relationship between Kc and time as equilibrium is established?


A) For the equilibrium A<sub>2</sub>(g)    2A(g) ,if a sample of A<sub>2</sub>(g) is placed in a sealed container and allowed to come to equilibrium,which graph best represents the relationship between K<sub>c</sub> and time as equilibrium is established? A)    B)    C)    D)    E)
B) For the equilibrium A<sub>2</sub>(g)    2A(g) ,if a sample of A<sub>2</sub>(g) is placed in a sealed container and allowed to come to equilibrium,which graph best represents the relationship between K<sub>c</sub> and time as equilibrium is established? A)    B)    C)    D)    E)
C) For the equilibrium A<sub>2</sub>(g)    2A(g) ,if a sample of A<sub>2</sub>(g) is placed in a sealed container and allowed to come to equilibrium,which graph best represents the relationship between K<sub>c</sub> and time as equilibrium is established? A)    B)    C)    D)    E)
D) For the equilibrium A<sub>2</sub>(g)    2A(g) ,if a sample of A<sub>2</sub>(g) is placed in a sealed container and allowed to come to equilibrium,which graph best represents the relationship between K<sub>c</sub> and time as equilibrium is established? A)    B)    C)    D)    E)
E) For the equilibrium A<sub>2</sub>(g)    2A(g) ,if a sample of A<sub>2</sub>(g) is placed in a sealed container and allowed to come to equilibrium,which graph best represents the relationship between K<sub>c</sub> and time as equilibrium is established? A)    B)    C)    D)    E)

F) C) and D)
G) A) and D)

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For the endothermic reaction A2 (g) For the endothermic reaction A<sub>2</sub> (g)    2A(g) ,a snapshot of an equilibrium mixture of A(g)  and A<sub>2</sub> (g) at low temperature may look as follows.(Each circle represents 1.0 mol of A atoms,and the volume of the box is 1.0 L.)    If the temperature is raised,what might the new equilibrium system look like? A)    B)    C)    D)    E)   2A(g) ,a snapshot of an equilibrium mixture of A(g) and A2 (g) at low temperature may look as follows.(Each circle represents 1.0 mol of A atoms,and the volume of the box is 1.0 L.) For the endothermic reaction A<sub>2</sub> (g)    2A(g) ,a snapshot of an equilibrium mixture of A(g)  and A<sub>2</sub> (g) at low temperature may look as follows.(Each circle represents 1.0 mol of A atoms,and the volume of the box is 1.0 L.)    If the temperature is raised,what might the new equilibrium system look like? A)    B)    C)    D)    E)   If the temperature is raised,what might the new equilibrium system look like?


A) For the endothermic reaction A<sub>2</sub> (g)    2A(g) ,a snapshot of an equilibrium mixture of A(g)  and A<sub>2</sub> (g) at low temperature may look as follows.(Each circle represents 1.0 mol of A atoms,and the volume of the box is 1.0 L.)    If the temperature is raised,what might the new equilibrium system look like? A)    B)    C)    D)    E)
B) For the endothermic reaction A<sub>2</sub> (g)    2A(g) ,a snapshot of an equilibrium mixture of A(g)  and A<sub>2</sub> (g) at low temperature may look as follows.(Each circle represents 1.0 mol of A atoms,and the volume of the box is 1.0 L.)    If the temperature is raised,what might the new equilibrium system look like? A)    B)    C)    D)    E)
C) For the endothermic reaction A<sub>2</sub> (g)    2A(g) ,a snapshot of an equilibrium mixture of A(g)  and A<sub>2</sub> (g) at low temperature may look as follows.(Each circle represents 1.0 mol of A atoms,and the volume of the box is 1.0 L.)    If the temperature is raised,what might the new equilibrium system look like? A)    B)    C)    D)    E)
D) For the endothermic reaction A<sub>2</sub> (g)    2A(g) ,a snapshot of an equilibrium mixture of A(g)  and A<sub>2</sub> (g) at low temperature may look as follows.(Each circle represents 1.0 mol of A atoms,and the volume of the box is 1.0 L.)    If the temperature is raised,what might the new equilibrium system look like? A)    B)    C)    D)    E)
E) For the endothermic reaction A<sub>2</sub> (g)    2A(g) ,a snapshot of an equilibrium mixture of A(g)  and A<sub>2</sub> (g) at low temperature may look as follows.(Each circle represents 1.0 mol of A atoms,and the volume of the box is 1.0 L.)    If the temperature is raised,what might the new equilibrium system look like? A)    B)    C)    D)    E)

F) None of the above
G) A) and B)

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Solid ammonium hydrogen sulfide is introduced into a 2.00-L flask,and the flask is sealed.If this solid decomposes according to the equation NH4HS(s) Solid ammonium hydrogen sulfide is introduced into a 2.00-L flask,and the flask is sealed.If this solid decomposes according to the equation NH<sub>4</sub>HS(s)    NH<sub>3</sub>(g) + H<sub>2</sub>S(g) ,K<sub>P</sub> = 0.108 at 25°C,what is the minimum mass of ammonium hydrogen sulfide that must be present in the flask initially if equilibrium is to be established at 25°C? (R = 0.08206 L • atm/K • mol)  A) 0.917 g B) 1.37 g C) 2.74 g D) 0.581 g E) 0.452 g NH3(g) + H2S(g) ,KP = 0.108 at 25°C,what is the minimum mass of ammonium hydrogen sulfide that must be present in the flask initially if equilibrium is to be established at 25°C? (R = 0.08206 L • atm/K • mol)


A) 0.917 g
B) 1.37 g
C) 2.74 g
D) 0.581 g
E) 0.452 g

F) None of the above
G) B) and E)

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For the following reaction at equilibrium in a reaction vessel,which one of these changes would cause the I2 concentration to increase? 2NOI(g) For the following reaction at equilibrium in a reaction vessel,which one of these changes would cause the I<sub>2</sub> concentration to increase? 2NOI(g)    2NO(g) + I<sub>2</sub>(g) ,ΔHº<sub>rxn</sub> = 45.3 kJ/mol A) Add some NO B) Expand the gas mixture into a larger volume C) Decrease the temperature D) Increase the system pressure E) Remove some NOI 2NO(g) + I2(g) ,ΔHºrxn = 45.3 kJ/mol


A) Add some NO
B) Expand the gas mixture into a larger volume
C) Decrease the temperature
D) Increase the system pressure
E) Remove some NOI

F) B) and C)
G) A) and D)

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A change in a concentration will not change the position of equilibrium.

A) True
B) False

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Increasing the temperature of an exothermic reaction causes the equilibrium constant to increase and shifts the equilibrium toward products.

A) True
B) False

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For any reaction,if ΔG° > 0,then K < 1.

A) True
B) False

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At 1500°C the equilibrium constant for the reaction CO(g) + 2H2(g) At 1500°C the equilibrium constant for the reaction CO(g) + 2H<sub>2</sub>(g)    CH<sub>3</sub>OH(g) has the value K<sub>P</sub> = 1.4 × 10<sup>-7</sup>.What is ΔG° for this reaction at 1500°C? (R = 8.314 J/K • mol)  A) 105 kJ/mol B) 1.07 kJ/mol C) -233 kJ/mol D) -105 kJ/mol E) 233 kJ/mol CH3OH(g) has the value KP = 1.4 × 10-7.What is ΔG° for this reaction at 1500°C? (R = 8.314 J/K • mol)


A) 105 kJ/mol
B) 1.07 kJ/mol
C) -233 kJ/mol
D) -105 kJ/mol
E) 233 kJ/mol

F) A) and B)
G) C) and E)

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For the reaction 2X(g) + Y(g) For the reaction 2X(g) + Y(g)    2Z(g) ,Kc = 1.00 ×10<sup>3</sup> at 500 K.If at equilibrium the concentration of X is 0.20 M and the concentration of Y is 0.50 M,what is the equilibrium concentration of Z? A) 2.2 M B) 3.2 M C) 3.5 M D) 4.5 M E) 7.1 M 2Z(g) ,Kc = 1.00 ×103 at 500 K.If at equilibrium the concentration of X is 0.20 M and the concentration of Y is 0.50 M,what is the equilibrium concentration of Z?


A) 2.2 M
B) 3.2 M
C) 3.5 M
D) 4.5 M
E) 7.1 M

F) A) and B)
G) D) and E)

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The equilibrium constant expression for the reaction CuO(s)+ H2(g) The equilibrium constant expression for the reaction CuO(s)+ H<sub>2</sub>(g)   Cu(s)+ H<sub>2</sub>O(g)is K<sub>c</sub> = [H<sub>2</sub>]/[H<sub>2</sub>O]. Cu(s)+ H2O(g)is Kc = [H2]/[H2O].

A) True
B) False

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The observation that at equilibrium,the reaction quotient equals the equilibrium constant,is representative of which law?


A) Law of equal states
B) Reversibility law
C) Law of equivalence
D) Law of reactant-product equivalence
E) Law of mass action

F) A) and E)
G) B) and E)

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At a certain temperature the reaction CO2(g) + H2(g) At a certain temperature the reaction CO<sub>2</sub>(g) + H<sub>2</sub>(g)    CO(g) + H<sub>2</sub>O(g)  Has K<sub>c</sub> = 2.50.If 2.00 mol of carbon dioxide and 1.50 mol of hydrogen are placed in a 5.00-L vessel and equilibrium is established,what is the equilibrium concentration of carbon monoxide? A) 0.209 M B) 1.33 M C) 0.267 M D) 0.667 M E) 0.600 M CO(g) + H2O(g) Has Kc = 2.50.If 2.00 mol of carbon dioxide and 1.50 mol of hydrogen are placed in a 5.00-L vessel and equilibrium is established,what is the equilibrium concentration of carbon monoxide?


A) 0.209 M
B) 1.33 M
C) 0.267 M
D) 0.667 M
E) 0.600 M

F) B) and E)
G) A) and C)

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At 850°C,the equilibrium constant,KP,for the reaction C(s) + CO2(g) At 850°C,the equilibrium constant,K<sub>P</sub>,for the reaction C(s) + CO<sub>2</sub>(g)    2CO(g) has a value of 10.7 If the total pressure in the system at equilibrium is 1.000 atm,what is the partial pressure of carbon monoxide at equilibrium? A) 0.362 atm B) 0.489 atm C) 0.667 atm D) 0.915 atm E) 0.921 atm 2CO(g) has a value of 10.7 If the total pressure in the system at equilibrium is 1.000 atm,what is the partial pressure of carbon monoxide at equilibrium?


A) 0.362 atm
B) 0.489 atm
C) 0.667 atm
D) 0.915 atm
E) 0.921 atm

F) C) and D)
G) B) and D)

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Sodium carbonate,Na2CO3(s) ,may be prepared by heating sodium bicarbonate,NaHCO3(s) . 2NaHCO3(s) Sodium carbonate,Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>(s) ,may be prepared by heating sodium bicarbonate,NaHCO<sub>3</sub>(s) . 2NaHCO<sub>3</sub>(s)    Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>(s) + CO<sub>2</sub>(g) + H<sub>2</sub>O(g) K<sub>P</sub> = 0.23 at 100ºC If a sample of NaHCO<sub>3</sub> is placed in an evacuated flask and allowed to achieve equilibrium at 100ºC,what will the total gas pressure be? A) 0.46 atm B) 0.96 atm C) 0.23 atm D) 0.48 atm E) 0.11 atm Na2CO3(s) + CO2(g) + H2O(g) KP = 0.23 at 100ºC If a sample of NaHCO3 is placed in an evacuated flask and allowed to achieve equilibrium at 100ºC,what will the total gas pressure be?


A) 0.46 atm
B) 0.96 atm
C) 0.23 atm
D) 0.48 atm
E) 0.11 atm

F) B) and D)
G) C) and D)

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